The Big Five of the Denali national park.

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THE BIG FIVE GAME ANIMALS  IN THE WORLD YOU WOULD, OF COURSE, GO TO AFRICA ON SAFARI IN THE HOPES OF SIGHTING THEM ALL IN THE NATIONAL PARK OF AN AFRICAN COUNTRY. AN AFRICAN SAFARI BY VIRTUE OF ITS  LOCATION,AUTOMATICALLY BRINGS TO MIND HOT, DUSTY DAYS AND THE SUN BEATING DOWN FROM THE SKY ON VAST EXPANSE OF LAND DOTTED BY SHRUBS, BUSHES AND TREES.

But in the northern hemisphere, there is a  national park that is pretty much the opposite of its African counterpart. Denali National and preserve in Alaska recives the majority of its visitors in summer when day time temperatures average somewhere between 50 to 60 F ( although it can spike up to 90 F at times.) and cool to 20 F overnight. As a result , the daily temperature of the park range at about 22 F in summer and you can see Tundra and taiga ( Russian  for the sparse northern evergreen forest) occupy the slopes and lowlands of Denali and interested among the white and black spruce trees are quaking aspen, paper birch, larch, and balsam poplar, and the sedge, cotton grass , dwarf willows , alders, and tussocks that occurs at about 2,700 ft give way to wildflower meadows that burst upon the ground above the shrub line. At about 6,000-7,000 ft, scattered plant life struggle against barren rocks.

              

                  Permafrost - the deeply frozen ground left behind by the retreat of the continental glaciers about 14,000 years back-still underlines much of the ground, and only a thin layer of topsoil thaws enough to support life in the summer months, but the tundra is dominated by wild life that has adapted to survive the subarctic wilderness.

The u.s. congress created the park in 1917 to protect the teeming wild life along the slopes and in the valleys of the Alaska Range and tripled the park in size in 1980, the massif of the Mountain was included within the boundaries of the park.

                  There are two reasons for which people visit Denali National park to see the highest peak in North  America -Denali (formerly known as Mt. Mckinley ) and to see the wild life . Unlike a zoo, the wild life is not trained nor caged, and sightings of both the Mountain and wild life is not a sure-fire thing,although your chances of spotting wildlife are better than seeing Denali.

The park is home  to 1 amphibian species, 39 mammal species, 169  bird species  and  14 species of fish. Of these animals, there are five animals who have captured the attention of the visitors the most and have become so popular that they are affectionately referred to as the big five:moose, caribou, Dall ship, wolves, and grizzly bears.

                     Early morning bus tours down the Denali park road are your best chances to view the Denali wild life . The tours can go any where from 4 hours to 12 hours . although your chances of seeing wild life improve more the longer you stay on the bus and the deeper into the park you go. Of the Big five. you can see bears ,sheep and caribon the most .although from a distance . Less than  40% of the visitors to the park are lucky enough to spot caribou and wolves.

Dall sheep- Dall sheep are relatives of the bighorn sheep, and like most of the wild life in Denali, spring, summer and fall months are busy for them. This is when the park experience a compressed respite from the deep cold of the subarctic. and animals are busy gathering their annual food supplies. Dall sheep can be seen grazing the tundra for the young shoots of mountain avens, and while lambs are greeting their start ewes and rams live apart.

 

Caribou- Caribou is the only deer family members  where both sexes have antlers. Travelling in groups, they migrate great distances from the calving grounds located south of the Alaska range and northwest of Denali to there winter range in the northern reaches of the park. over the last 30 years. the caribou numbers in the park have fluctuated, and groups of 20 or more can be spotted from the park road.

 

Moose-Areas near the park entrance and wonder Lake area and other forested regions of the park see a heavy concentration of moose. As the breeding season begins in late August to early october, bull moose.

 












Wolves- one of the hardest to spot among the big five .it is a lucky visitor who can spot wolf. During winter , wolves form packs to hunt . but it is possible to see a lone wolf as well. The whelping or pupping season in spring sees the pack organization at its best.

 

Grizzly Bears-Grizzly bears can usually be seen throughout the park.A grizzly's diet can consists of small plants, berries, ground squirrels, moose or caribou calves, and wolves both play an important role in the newborn and sheep population. sows generally bear two cubs,although a sow bearing only one cube is known to happen. Rarely does a sow give birth to three cubs. Similar to the other wild life, Grizzlies are also fiercely protective of their young.although better able than most at protecting them.

IMOPRTANT DRUGS FOR HEALTHY LIFE -4

Hello world this is my forth  post about drugs  for healthy life .I hope you"re interesting in this.

CANDID-B : Clotrimazole, beclomethasone dipropionate

PRESENTATION- Cream 15 g

DESCRIPITION- Each gram of cream contains clotrimazole usp 1% and beclomethasone dipropionate BP 0.025%.

ACTIONS- Candid -B cream offers effective therapy for dermatomycoses complicated by inflammation, pruritus, erythema or other eczematous features.

Pharmacology- Beclomethasone dipropionate, a potent and fast-acting topical corticosteroid, exerts marked anti-inflammatory , antipruritic, antiallergic and vasoconstrictive effects. on account of these properties it gives prompt relief in inflammation, pruritus, erythema, etc.

Microbiology- Clotrimazole has broad -spectrum activity against dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum  spp)., Candida and Aspergillus spp, Malassezia furfur and other  fungi. It also inhibits some strains of gram_positive and gram - negative bacteria.

INDICATIONS-Effectively against the following infections of the skin, particularly when accompanied by eczematous features; Tinea capitis,tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor , erythrasma , vulvovaginal candidiasis, candidal nappy rash and candidal paronychia.

DOSAGE& ADMINISTRATION:Wash and dry the affected area before applying Candid-B.
In hairy sites,the hair should be parted before application to allow direct contact with the lesions. The frequency of application is generally 2-3 times daily.After controlling the eczematous symptoms, a switch over to Candid Lotion may be advised until the primary fungal infection is completely eradicated.

PRECAUTIONS:The topical use of steroids over large skin areas, with or with out occlusive dressing, may result in systemic absorption of the steroid and suitable precautions should be taken by physician.
Candid-B should not be used in the eyes or in the ear if the eardrum is perforated. 

Use in pregnancy- Though topical steroids have not been reported to cause adverse effect on pregnancy,their safety in pregnancy has not been firmly established.They should, therefore, not be used in large lished. They should, therefore, not be used in large amounts or for long periods of time during pregnancy.

SIDE EFFECTS:Candid-B cream is normally well tolerated. If irritation developers, the preparation should be discontinued.
      When occlusive dressings are used, miliaria folliculitis or pyoderma may sometimes develop beneath the occlusive material. Localised atrophy and striae have been reported with topical steroids.

IMOPRTANT DRUGS FOR HEALTHY LIFE -3

Hello world this is my third post about drugs  for healthy life .I hope you"re interesting in this.

CALCIVITA - Calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate, vitamin A, vitamin D3

DESCRIPTION-Each capsule contains vitamin  A 2500 iu, D3 400 iu, diabasic calcium phosphate 150 mg and calcium carbonate 50 mg.

ACTIONS-Calcivita is a calcium, vitamins A and D 3 supplement.The active constituents provide maximum benefits to correct the deficiency of calcium and to provide benefit to correct the deficiency of calcium and to provide extra calcium supplement needed in conditions , eg pregency and lactation.

INDICATIONS-As a calcium supplement for pregnant, lactating women and in children_> year.

DOSAGE& ADMINISTRATION- 1 Cap/ day or as directed by the physician.

 

 

IMPORTANT DRUGS FOR HEALTHY LIFE-2

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PANADOL- Paracetamol

PRESENTATION- Tab 80 mg , 500 mg , liqd 120 mg ,  Supp 125 mg, 250 mg , Drops 80 mg / 0.8 ml .

ACTIONS-  Analgesic and antipyretic.

pharmacokinetics- After  oral  administration, paracetamol is absorbed rapidly and completely from the small intestine ; peak plasma  levels occur 30-120 min after administration. 

               Paracetamol is uniformly distributed throughout most body fluids; the apparent volume of distribution is 1.2 L/kg. It can cross the placenta and is excreted  in milk . Plasma protein -binding is  negligible at usual therapeutic concentrations but increases with increasing concentrations. 

                

                    Paracetamol is metabolised by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system in adults at therapeutuic does and is mainly conjugated with glucuronide ( 45-55% ) or sulfate ( 20-30% ) . A minor proportion (< 20%)  is metabolised to catechol derivatives and mercapturic acid compounds via oxidation.

                  paracetamol is differently metabolished by infants and children compared to adults. the sulfate conjugate being predominant . Paracetamol is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Less than 5% is excreted as unchanged paracetamol with 85-90% of the administered  dose eliminated  in the urine within 24 hrs of  ingestion. The elimination half  life varies from about 1-4 hrs. Food intake delays paracetamol absorption.

INDICATIONS- Relief  of pain and fever.

DOSAGE&ADMINISTRATIONS-Tablet ;Adults and Children > 12 Years: 500 mg to  1 g every 3-4 hrs, up to 4 g may be taken

Children 7- 12 years:250-500 mg every 3-4 hrs, up to 2 g may be taken.

Liquid: Children 6 -12 years: 2-4 tsp;1-6 years :1-2 tsp, 3 months to 1 year  1/2 -1 tsp.

Drops : Children 3-6 years:2-3 drops; 1-3 years:1 1/2  -2 drops;4 months to 1 year : 1-1 1/2 drops.

OVEDOSAGE : Toxic symptoms include vomiting ,abdominal pain, hypotension and sweating .The most serious adverse effect of acute overdosage of paracetamol is a dosage- dependent,m potentially fatal hepatic necrosis . In adults, hepatotoxiocity may occur after ingestion of a signal dose of  paracetamol 10-15 g ( 30 tabs) a dose of _> 25 g ( 50 tabs) is potentially fatal.Symptoms during the first 2 days of acute poisoning by paracetamol do not reflect the potential seriousness of the intoxication. Major manifestations of  hepatic failure, eg jaundice , hypoglycemia  and metabolic acidosis may take at least 3 days to develop .

PRECAUTIONS: Administer with caution to patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction.

Use in pregnancy: Paracetamol can cross the placenta;however ,no teratogenic effects have been observed in rats or mice, after doses of up to 250 mg / kg.

Use  in lactation: Paracetamol is excreted  in breast milk. The amount available for ingestion by the infant has been reported variously as < 0.1% of a single 500 mg  dose and as 0.04-0.23% of a single 650 mg dose. Maternal ingestion of  paracetamol in usual analgesic doses does not appear to present a risk to the breastfed infant.

ADVERSE REACTIONS: When taken in recommended doses, paracetamol is usually free from adverse effects  and  will not upset the stomach. Skin reactions, eg urticaria have been described  rarely.

INTERACTIONS: Anticoagulant dosage may require reduction if panadol medication is prolonged. Paracetamol absortion is increased by drugs which increas gastric emptying, eg  propantheline, antidepressants with anticholinegric properties, narcotic analgesics Paracetamol may increase chloramphenicol concentrations. The likelihood of paracetamol toxicity may be increased by the concomitant use of enzyme- including agents, eg alcohol or anticoagulant drugs.

IMPORTANT DRUGS FOR HEALTHY LIFE-1

Hello world this is  my first post about drugs for healthy life . I  hope this post important all the people for their daily life.


PANADEINE-  paracetamol, codeine phosphate.

 

  
DESCRIPTION-    Each tablet contains paracetamol ph Eur 500                                  mg and codeine phosphate ph Eur 8 mg.

ACTIONS  : Pharmacology: - The analgesic and antipyretic  actions  of paracetamol are similar to those of the salicylates. Analgesia is mediated peripherally and also centrally, whereas antipyresis is produced by a central action on the hypothalamic  regulator center. Panadeine also contains a small amount of codeine, an opiate with analegesic  and antitussive actions,to provide additional pain relief.

INDICATIONS  : Relief of painful disorders, eg: headche, dysmenorrhea,  conditions involving musculoskeletal pain,myalgias , and neuralgias . Conditions accompanied  by discomfort and fever, eg the common cold and viral infections. Analgesic after dental work and tooth extractions.
    
 DOSAGE& ADMINISTRATION: Adults :1-2 tabs, 3 or 4 times daily.Do not exceed 8 tabs in 24 hrs.
              Children 7-12 years 1/2 -1 tab , 3 or 4 times daily,up to 4 tabs (2 g paracetamol ) . Do not exceed 4  tabs in 24 hrs . Not recommended for children < 7 years.

OVERDOSAGE: Serious toxicity is rare following    administration Serious toxicity is rare following  of recommended does of paracetamol.How ever, when  taken in large amounts, hepatic necrosis many result. Clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatotoxicity  may be delayed for up to a week with the small quantity of codeine present in panadeine , overdosage is unlikely. How ever , symptoms , if they did occur, would be opiate-like . In all cases of suspected overdose, prompt medical attention is critical adults as well as for children even if one does not notice any signs or symptoms.     

         

PRECAUTIONS:   Codeine may be habit-forming .Use panadeine with caution in patients with acute abdominal conditions and in other special risk patients.(eg, those with head injury, increased intracranial presure or with Addison's disease).

Patients should be advised that panadeine contains codeine, which can produce sedation in some individuals. Do not take Panadeine for pain >10 days unless directed by a doctor. If pain persists or worsens, if new symptoms occur, or if redness of swelling is present ,consult a doctor because these could be signs of a serious condition. If store throat is server , persists for>2 days , is accompained or follow by fever, headache, rash, nausea, or vomiting , consult a doctor promptly.

Effects on the Ability to Drive  or operate Machineries ;codeine may impair the mental and/ or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks, eg driving a car or operating machinery. 

ADVERSE REACTIONS: The most frequently observed adverse reactions to codeine include lighteadedness,dizziness, sedation,nausea and vomiting , but these generally occur with a dose larger than that in panadeine.

  When taken in recommended doses, paracetamol is usually free from adverse effects. skin reactions , eg urticaria, have been described rarely.

INTERACTIONS:  patients receiving other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may exhibit additive CNS effects.                          

                                                

Medicine for daily life

medicine is important daily life

18 REASONS WHY FINLAND IS THE GREATEST COUNTRY ON EARTH

Step up to the podium Finland ; you are officially the happiest country in the world. This, according to the annual world Happiness  Report, which was released today and saw the scandinavian nation jump from the number five spot last year.
what's so special about it, and why should you pay a visit? Here are 18 reasons, to get you started.

1. IT'S the safest country on Earth.
         
         

    according to the 2018 Travel Risk Map, which assesses the world across three categories  medical risks, security and road  safety. Finland has the lowest over all threat level . A lovely place to hunker down and hope everything just blows over.

2. And the most eco friendly. 

             Finland has tremendous green credentials.In fact, it ranked top in the 2016 Environmental performance Index , which  handed  Finland a rating of  90.68 beating its nearest rival  Iceland ( 90.51) and neighbour sweden (90.43). The report, commissioned by the Yale center for Environmental Law and policy, said; " Finland's goal of consuming 38 per cent of their final energy from renewable sources by 2020 is legally binding , and they already produce nearly two- thirds of their electricity from renewable or nuclear power sources". Nice one Finland.

3. Nowhere in Europe has more trees 

             Finland  has more forest per square mile than any country in Europe, and the 11th most in the world. It's amazing there's room for anything but trees, to be honest, as the nation is 73 per cent firs, briches and oaks ( that's nothing compared to Suriname, top of the list, which is 95 per cent forest).


4.Its capital couldn't be greener

      Helsinki has embarked on an ambitious    project to  make motor     vehicle ownership obsolete by 2025. Harnessing the power of  new technologies. the authorities want to create an on demand- public transport system that will be so good  nobody needs car. As with   make motor other  scandinavian  cities.Helsinki long ago promoted pedal power as a way of  getting around. The  city now has 2,400 miles of cycle lanes, which have been enthusiastically embraced by locals. 


5.There are 179,584 islands

            Finland's nick name is the land of a Thousand island. pah, The nation boasts a few more than that; 179,584 to be exact. making  it second only to Sweden in the global island ranking.

 

6. And 188,000 lakes, including western Europe's second biggest.

               Not the biggest. That's Lake vanern in Sweden.of course.But at 1,700 square miles in surface area. Lake saimaa is still remarkably big-certainly the largest of those that dot the Finnish landscape. It is home to the saimaa Ringed seal- although you will be lucky to spot one of these endangered freshwater beasts. They number a mere 320 in total , and are only found in the lake. still, you can take a pair of  binoculars and try. The waterside is most easily reached via the small city of  Lappeenranta-140 miles north- east of Helsinki.


7. It's a tolerant place.

              According to the Legatum prosperity  Index, which ranks countries according to a range of criteria, including personal freedom.based  on access to legal rights, freedom of speech and  religion and social tolerance. Finland is the ninth most tolerant nation in the world. The UK is 15th.

8. With enviable gender equality

       The above might explain why it's also one of the best countries in the world for gender equality. Finland ranks third, according to the World economy Forum 's Global  Gender Gap Report. behind only Iceland ( first ) 
            

     
             






9. Santa lives there.

                 Tolerance   and gender equality are great, but Finland also has Father Christmas. He lives in Lapland , of course, and can be visited all year. Lapland is arguable the real Finland -a wilderness region that is home to the nomadic sami and their reindeer. In summer there are great hiking trails and white water rafting. In winter you can ski, go ice fishing, snowmobile along forest trails or mush a husky dog tam.

10. They really appreciate good coffee.

             It  seems  the Finnish live their lives by some pretty admirable guiding principles, but that's not even the half of it. Arguably more important is the fact that the Finns consume more coffee than anywhere else in the world - 12 kg per capita per year, a hefty 2.1 kg more per head than Norway , in second place.


11.And stripping off for a sauna.
           
          Up for baring it all in public? You haven't sampled the life of a Finn unless you've done so at a sauna. There are 5.4 million people in Finland, and three million saunas - such is the national obsession with communal cleansing. The yrjonkadun uimahalli sauna and pool in Helsinki occupies a classic 1920' s Art Deco building. or head to the lakeside town of kuopio to try the world's largest smoke sauna at jatkankamppa Lodge, possible accompanied by live accordion music.

12. It has great Wi-Fi 

        Ever wondered which countries provide the more rapid Internet experience? of course you have, and of  course Finland features in the top 10
    
       The  map below shows the world according to average connection speed in Mbits /s , as recorded by Akamai- the content delivery network (CDN) responsible for everything between 15 and 30 per cent of all web traffic.

13.And the most spectacular lights display in the world.

      Finland  is one  of the best places on earth to observe the Northern Lights . Of course , never travel *for* the aurora Borealis, because you'll only be left disappointed, but if you just so happen to be in  Finland over the winter months, there's  a decent chance you'll witness the mystifying light display.

 

14. Helsinki has one of the world's loveliest cathedrals.

                                                                                                                               The Tuomiokirkko (helsinkicathedralfi ) a neoclassical  wonder in white, capped with domes of green, which sits at the heart of the Finnish capital. It was bulit between 1830 and 1852 in forelock- tugging tribute to Tsar Nicholas I, but lacks much of the pomp and circumstance which can characterise  Russian churches, trading instead on a quiet architectural grace. It looks colossal from the outside, rearing above Senaatintori (senate) square,but feels rather smaller within - even though it can seat home 1300 worshippers.                                                                                                                                                                        15. And suprisingly good beaches.

      Not   in the very centre , admittedly, where Helsinki is still very much a port, But look around , and there are plenty of strips  of sand nuzzled by the Baltic . One is found 10 miles to the east in Aurinkolahti. That the name of this outer suburb -which translates as ''sunny Bay" - was recently changed from "Mustalahti" ("Black Bay") , in a marketing exercise designed to pull in potential residents , does not detract  from the broadness of its main beach. It lives up to its moniker too- at least in July and August , when Helsinki lifts itself  to a temperature of 21 c , and the sea warms  to a just about toe-diappable 16 c.                                                                                                            

 17. Or spot bears in a weekend                                                                                                                                                                           That's what Hazel plush did this year for Telegraph Travel."I though that wolverines were just  comic book creations, but they"re real- and rather large-and living in Finland,"she said."They're not the only fearsome predators to lurk in one of Europe's wildest corners either; this is brown bear territory,and the height of summer-under the eerie glow of the midnight sun-is the best time to spot both."  

                                                                                                            18. It all means the residents are a happy bunch.

   According to the 2018 World Happiness Report,Finland is the most contented nation on the planet.      

                                                                       

                            

    

                                                                 

                                                                                                                     

  

Travel

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